Silver denga minted for Grand Prince Vasily the Dark

Excavations Recast the Date of Galich’s Lost Lower Fortress

LiDAR mapping and 2026 excavations at Galich’s Lower Settlement found defensive earthworks and artifacts mainly dating to the 14th and 15th centuries. The evidence challenges its traditional identification as a 12th-century fortress and points instead to construction around the mid-15th century, possibly amid a dynastic conflict.